


^. .- c -^^^ <^.,- ci^ <7 '"<^ <cr' "^ 



^ Id ^ 






CO C^. XToCs^OC 
■'re Otr' . 

rcccic 



^- ccv: 









"^2^:^ 



C^ 






If 



CC 



Sf 



«s<cr 












0t 



OP^ ^ 



c c 
. CC 
c:c 

<C <: 
<C C 



«r CC 









i^ 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 






<^<^^ «rcC<gC.' 









_CcC 



:.CkC 




STATES 



C^CC:.!.^: cfcr 



^:<.-^ 

:X^ ^ 



s% 



c 



c 

CC 

<c 

CC 



c^c. 



^t 



_Cj' C • 
VCtC ( 



C'^i 4 t 



^fe 



:^ <ac 



m ^ 



<ssC 



CC ^r< 
: CC ' 

: ar 

•c CC- ■ «i ■ 

, CC 

_ CC 

Clc <r 

c: <z 

■ ^Hc 



CC 
J CC 
5. CC < 



_^*^c 
^TcC 



cccccc^ 

CC 

C CC_> CC^^CjCC^ 

C c 

_ ^<JiXcc ' 



" <Pc &<x:cc < 












cere 






crc; 






c;<£ 

cs. 

- <■ 

. Cc 
CC 

cc 

C'C 

_ c x: 

: <r< c 



^e 



•'-i^^' 



<:2 









C' C <C«<3®L *- 

C'^ <C'' 'C<^^ <^C C 
C^ ^ <C3 ^c 



cccccr 

''CccCi' 

(;<Yc <:va3rcc ■ < 
.ccro-^tr' 
<<rcco<£<; ' • 
<<: cc df < 
cir cc <2<i5 



^ CC O^TcC ^ 

<rc c:<cc 
cc c:<«r< 

• CcC.^<5^^c ^ 



< C t Si 



cCCCC 

cCcCC <^ 

Ccc'C ^"■ 






^^g 



CY S-. -C 



^^fe c: <fcc cd^c< 

-'^ci d ^'C< cdc<5< 
^t <^- cc '^ac-i 

c(?f > -<: ccc 

, cT^ <r^ <r ccc 

cT'cr d.« '^ctc: i 

y <dr -drccc:. € 

:o cccc < 

:c:^c^^^^^ 
c: ^-o/o <c:' dec 

C- d d< <r d <c 



c dc <d <c<^ cdc 



^<d 

rrtfT. 

^- 






^CC 

cc 

< cc 

i^ 

«i: cc 

CC' 

cc 

cc 



ccis: 

•vccd 



^.;c:«c . 
T«d^ 

<1<C 



Cd 

dd 

CCc^ 

CC 
cc 

cc 

cc 

cc 



^-cCClQC. ccc 

fe ^cc 

^S <^c- 
■d«CCc ccc 



d c,^ c 

d C CT'-.C c 
■ d c d ' d ^ 

d C<E dl 

' d'cd -<^.<: 



' C C CaJ 

■ d c c ^c 



dec cgc 
CCC &<j .0 



■CCC d- 
. ■ C f c«c . . • 
•. CcCdC; ' 
dCdC. . 

c^-ccg- 

2<c[:-.- 
':<•'. c ■ 



C C d C d 

c c d c d 

cc d c d 

c c d c d 






Z^T C 



dL CC d c 

d^ CC d c 
* d c c d c 

d C C < < 

dice CT c 
dec «^ c 

: ^:cc d ' 

: <Ccc d^ 

"ICC " 
_CC < 

d< C d^v C 
C/CCZC c 

,-. :XL<( d^<. C 

: CCC dd c 

^- -<-Cc-Cd d 

■Ldccy 
cdcC 
'■ ''CCC- 
CC Cl 

' CCC Cf 

- : ca 

-. ■ C(Cr 
C ' O 

-■ - ,, , c ■ C-' 






CCC 

<c cd. 



^ 



ANT ADDRESS 



KM BRACING A 



Historical Sketch 



OF XORFOLK ( OUNTY, 



DELIVERED AT BERKLEY, .)(:LY4tii, 1876, BY REQUEST OF THE 

BOARD OF SUPER Vir-ORS, BY 



HON. LEGH E. W.ATTS, 



•lUDOE OF THE COUNTY COURT OF NORFOLK COUNTY. 



NORFOLK, iVA. 



PBINTED AT TUB LANDMARK BOOK AND JOB OFFICE. 



® 



f ^ 



ffi-^ 



A 



AN ADDRESS 




\ 



EMBRACING A 



Historical Sketch 



OF NORFOLK COUNTY, Vcu , 



DELIYEKEI) AT BERKLEY, JULY 4th, 1876, BY REQUEST OF THE 

BOARD OF SUPERVISORS. BY 



HON. LEGII R. WATTS, 



JUDGE OF THE COUNTY COURT OF NORFOLK COUNTY. 




^? 




NORFOLK, VA.: 

PRINTED AT THE LANDMARK BOOK AND JOB OFFICE. 
1876. 



rX- 



J 

ml 



yyj. LiO. 



4- 







HISTORICAL SKETCH 

OF NORFOLK COUNTY. 



Mr. P rest fir Nf. Ladies and GentJpmen : 

I know of no more fitting and appropriate way of Qelebrating the 
one hundredth anniversary of our National Independence than that 
suggested hv His Excellency, the President of the United States, in 
his Proclamation of May 25th, 1876, in pursuance of which we are 
this day assembled. 

If the Historical Sketches, which he recommends, are accurately and- 
properly prepared, great and beneficial resul ts will ensue : for the accu- 
mulation of so large a mass of reliable information and correct data 
must prove a valuable acquisition to the historian not only of the re- 
spective States, but also of the entire country. In the preparation 
of this history, we should take a lively and patriotic interest — for 
wlien it is impartially written, Virginia will be emblazoned on its 
brightest page, and its most brilliant chapter will record the splendid 
heroism and grand achievements of her sons ; and our own loved 
•"tide- water" section will vie with her sister counties of the South- 
west and the Piedmont, of the Valley and the mountains of West 
Augusta, in the tlirilling interest of their revolutionary and later 
history. 

Appreciating, as [ do, these facts, I am profoundly impressed with 
a consciousness of my inability to discharge in a satisfactory manner 
the duty which the generous partiality of the Board of Supervisors 
has assigned me, in the ceremonies of the day, and. I regret, very 
much regret, that some one better qualified to do justice, alike to 
the theme and the occasion, was not selected. 

In endeavoring to perform the task thus imposed, I shall attempt 
no oratorical display, nor seek to weave the flowers of fancy witli the 
graces of elocution. Were I capable of such efforts, I do not think 
the circumstances by which we are surrounded, or the times in which 
we live, would justify them ; although as a people we have much to 
he proud of, and mucli, very much, for which we should be devoutlv I " 



[^ 




r 



4^ 




id 



thaukiul. I know of nr thing to justify wild and exuberant con- 
gratulation or self-satisfied enthusiasm ; while in the present condi- 
tion of our country there is much to excite alarm, there is nothing 
to encourage or confirm an infidel despair. The cause of constitu- 
tional government and civil liberty is secure if the people of the en- 
tire country, rising above party and party politics, section and sec- 
tional prejudices, will devote this day to a calm and dispassionate 
review of the first century of our existence as a nation. Let them 
consider whether our national growth, development and prosperity 
has been all that is claimed by the devotees of modern progress. 
Let them ask themselves the question : Has our material advance- 
ment made us a wiser, a more virtuous or a happier people ? These 
reflections, if honestly indulged in, will give them pause, and cause 
them to long for a return of the purer and better days of the Republic. 
Before presenting a brief sketch of the '•History and Antiquities 
of Norfolk County," I projDose gis'ing, by way of pre!. ode or intro- 
duction, certain facts and incidents connected with the eaily dis- 
covery and settlement of Virginia. This will be necessary to a full 
appreciation of the diflficulties and privations experienced by those 
hardy adventurers who first discovered the main continent of Amer- 
ica among the -'polar bears, the rude savages, and the dismal cliifs 
of Labrador," and their descendants, who extended their discoveries 
and increased their settlements, until finally the boundaries of our 
county were defined and the foundations of her twin daughters, the 
cities of Norfolk and Portsmouth, were laid on the banks of our own 
beautiful Elizabeth. 

Though to Columbus belongs the glory of having made the 
first actual discovery of the new world, yet to the celebrated 
Venetian merchant, John Cabot, and to his more famous son, 
Sebastian, are due the credit of being the first who actually 
reached the main land. These distinguished navigators sailed in 
1497, under the English flag, and with a patent from King Henry 
VIII. , said to be the oldest State paper on American affairs extant 
in England. In the June of that year they discovered the Island of 
New Foundland, to which they gave the name "Prima Vista." 
Changing their course northward they reached the main continent 
amid the inhospitable regions of wintry Labrador. 



V 



^ 




^- .m 



^ 

In the year 1578, Sir Humphrey Gilbert, a brother-in-law of Sir 
Walter Raleigh, obtained letters })ateut authorizing him "to discover 
and colonize remote heathen lands not possessed by any other Chris- 
tian Prince.*' After repeated efforts, he procured a fleet of five ves- 
sels, with which he set sail in 1583, from Plymouth ; of these, four 
reached the coast of Xew Foundland in safety. Soon after his ar- 
rival he became discouraged and disheartened by the loss of another 
of his little fleet, and determined to return to England. On the 
home voyage he embarked in the "'Squirrel." the smallest of his re- 
maining vessels. After proceeding about three hundred leagues a 
violent storm arose, and the little craft was nearly cast away. On 
Monday, September 9th, at midnight, the light of the little ship dis- 
appeared, and her gallant commander and hardy crew slept forever 
in the deep. When last seen by those on the "Golden Hincl," Sir 
Humphrey was seated quietly on deck with a book in his hand, and 
as they approached within hailing distance, he was heard to exclaim : 
"Be of good cheer, my friends, it is as near to Heaven by sea as by 
land." 

The disastrous termination of this expedition, and the mel- 
ancholy fate of his heroic kinsman, did not alter the determination of 
Raleigh to found a settlement in America. Being in high favor with 
Elizabeth, he easily obtained unlimited letters patent, dated March 
35th, 1584, and by the aid of friends soon procured two vessels, 
which he placed under command of Amadas and Barlow. All things 
being ready, they set sail from the Thames, and in order to avoid 
the barren shoals and icebergs of the North, spread their sails to 
the sweet South, and on the 2d of July found shoal water, and smelt 
so sweet and strong a smell as if they haci been in "the midst of 
some delicate garden abounding in all kinds of odoriferous flowers. " 
This was the coast of sunny Florida. Directing their course to the 
northward, they entered Oracoek Inlet, and landed on the Island of 
Wocoken, in what is now Albemarle Sound. Here they found the 
"valleys wooded with tall cedars, overrun with vines hung in grace- 
ful festoons ; the grapes clustering in rich profusion on the ground 
and trailing in the murmuring surges of the sea." In September 
Amadas and Barlow returned home, and such was the glowing de- 
scription given by them of tlie country that Elizabeth, charmed and 



t^ 





deliglited with her new posssesions, gave it the name Virginia, in 
commemoration of her state of life, being unmarried. 

Raleigh, gratified and encouraged by these reports, was strength- 
ened in his determination to found a permanent settlement in Vir- 
ginia, and at once commenced actiA'e preparations to provide a fleet. 
This he was enabled to do without difficulty from the enormous 
revenue derived from his *''wine monopoly.'' In 1585 a fleet of seven 
vessels, under command of his kinsman. Sir Richard Grenville — one 
of the fellow heroes of Cervantes, at the famous battle of Lepanto — 
was obtained for the expedition. Sir Ralph Lane was appointed 
Governor of the colony, which consisted of many distinguished men. 
Late in June the fleet anchored in Wocoken, but finding the situation 
too much exposed, and in the stormy region of Cape Hatteras, they 
proceeded through Oracock Inlet to the Island of Roanoke, which 
they selected as the seat of the colony. After landing, Lane ex- 
plored the coast and extended his discoveries as far as the town of 
Chesapeahe, on Elizabeth river, near where Norfolk now stands. This 
was the first discovery of our magnificent harbor and the noble bay 
of the Chesapeake, and these discoveries were regarded as the most 
important results which attended this effort to found a colony. Soon 
after dissatisfaction and dissentions arose among the colonists, and 
Lane determined to return to England. Thus ended the first actual 
settlement of the Englisli in America. 

These colonists, the exiles of a year, learned from the Indians the 
use of a narcotic plant called by them uppoivoc, but to which they 
gave the name toharco. Lane, upon his return to England, curried 
some of it with him, and Sir Walter Raleigh soon yielded to its se- 
ductive influence, and made its use fashionable at Court. On one 
occasion he handed his pipe to Elizabeth, who, after one or two 
whiffs, was made violently sick, and Sir Walter was charged with 
having poisoned her. Her speedy recovery, however, disproved the 
accusation, and the pipe was passed to her maids of honor, who were 
required to smoke it out among them. On another occasion, a 
country servant, entering Sir Walter's room with a tankard of ale, 
found him intently engaged in reading and smoking. Being greatly 
alarmed at the smoke which issued from his master's mouth, he 
threw tlie ale in his face and rushed down stairs, declaring that Sir 
Wtilter was on fire. i<^ / 

m 




1 1 



p" ^ — ^"^^ 



Notwithstanding these repeated faihires, Raleigli did not abandon 
his design of founding a colony in Virginia, but in 1587 fitted out 
another fleet of three vessels, and directed the colonists to establish 
themselves as the "Governor and assistants of the City of Raleigh." 
John White was nominated Governor, with eleven assistants, and 
was ordered by Raleigh to plant the colony at the Town of Che sa- 
peake, loitliln. the limits of the present Count ij of Norfolk. The sa- 
gacity of Raleigh, who had never visited Virginia, was clearly demon- 
strated in the selection of our broad and eligible harbor as the site 
for the colony which was to bear his name, and indicates the deep 
interest of the great Statesman ia the success of the eiforts to add 
the "paradise of the new world" to the crown of that country u]ion 
whose flag the sun never sets. 

The expedition reached Roanoke Island in July, and at once pro- 
ceeded to search for the handful of men left by Grenville, as a gar- 
rison, but they found no vestige of life. "The tenements were de- 
serted and overgrown with weeds, human bones lay bleaching in the 
sun, the deer crouched in the untenanted houses." The miserable 
men left in possession of the island had perished, but whether by 
the tomahawk of the Indian or the cruel hand of disease, can never 
be known. Failing in the searcli, instead of proceeding to the town 
of Chesapeake, as Raleigh had directed, the colonists were forced, 
by the avarice of Fernando, the naval commander, who preferred 
the more lucrative traffic of the West Indies to exploring the coast, 
to remain on the island, and there they founded the City of Raleigh, 
where, on the 18th of August, Eleanor, daughter of the Governor, 
and wife of Ananias Dare, one of the Councillors, gave birth to a 
daughter, the first white child born in America : she was for that 
reason christened Virginia Dare. 

Difficulties again arising among the colonists, White determined to 
return to England for assistance, and although he found Raleigli 
absorbed in preparations to enable that country to successfully resist 
the attack of the "Invincible Armada," he obtained, through his 
assistance, two ships, with which he started for the relief of the in- 
fant colony ; but instead of continuing his course he went in pursuit 
of S]3anish prizes, and did not reach the long neglected settlement 
for three years. Upon his arrival he found the Island deserted, but 

k M 



\ 



\ 



\) 








i 



'§^ 1 ^^^ 

if 

whether the colonists had perished or become amalgamated with 
the Hatteras Indians, is still involved in donbt. Thns by cnpidity 
and avarice, and the disregard of Raleigh's instructions, the first 
plantation in Virginia, which had cost so much treasure, became ex- 
/ tinct. Such a termination might have been expected. The site, 

whicli the disobedience of Fernando to Sir Walter's orders com- 
pelled the colonists to choose, was most unfortunate, being difficult 
of access and in the region of Cape Hatteras, whose name is synony- 
mous with suffering, shipwjeck and death. How different the re- 
sult might have been, had Raleigh's judicious instructions been 
carried out, we can only conjecture. Notwithstanding these re- 
peated failures, the English did not waiver in their determi- 
nation to add A^rginia as a colony to the Crown of England, and the 
period for the consummation of this long cherished desire at length 
arrived, and a fleet with a number of English settlers appeared on 
the bosom of the "Jloflwr of the Waters,'' as Chesapeake Bay was 
called by the Indians. 

In 1606 active measures were inaugurated to ''deduce a colony 
into Virginia." In this enterprise Bartholomew Gosnold was prime 
mover, and John Smith chief actor. These distinguished adventu- 
rers obtained a charter from King James I., authorizing the estab- 
lishment of two colonies in Virginia and other parts of America. 
Under this, tlie first colonial eliarter of Virginia, two colonies were 
formed. The First or Southern, and the Second or Northern Col- 
ony. Eventually these names were drojiped and the name Virginia, 
Avhich had been common to both, was approj^riated to the Southern 
Colon}^, while the Northern was called New England. 

Under this charter an expedition, consisting of three vessels, ag- 
gregating only 160 tons burthen, was organized and set sail December 
10th, 160C. On the 26th of the following April they reached Ches- 
apeake Bay, where they were providentially driven by a violent storm. 
The first land they came in sight of they called Cape Henry in honor 
of the Prince of AYules, and the second Cape Charles, for the King's 
second son, afterwards Charles II. In a few days a landing place 
Avas selected, to which they gave the name "Point Comfort," 
because it put them in good comfort after the storms and dan- 
through which they had passed. While here, they were 









H^ 




visited by several of the natives, who received them kindly and 
invited tliem to the village of Keconghtan, now Hampton. Smith 
and his party, not being fully satisfied with the location, re-embarked 
and sailed for a beautiful river which appeared in the distance, 
which was called by the Indians Powhatan, but to which they gave 
the name James. Ascending about fifty miles from its mouth they 
landed, and selected a point, which they called Jamestoiuii, as the seat 
of the colony. 

Thus the first permanent settlement of the English in Virginia 
was effected, May 13th, 1607. Smith did not long remain idle, but at 
once commenced to explore the country, and during the latter part 
of July he visited ChesapeaJce Bay, and the tmmi of that name on 
EUzaheth rivei', six or seven miles from its mouth. At this settle- 
ment he found three or four cultivated patches and a few houses, or 
cabins, and from this visit we may date the first actual and perma- 
nent settlement of our country. 

In 161^9, upwards of one Iwodrod year^i before the Mayflower set 
sail from England, Governor Yeardly summoned the first legislative 
assembly that ever convened in America. It met at Jamestown 
Friday, June 30th, and was composed of twenty-two Burgesses, 
as the members who were elected by the various townships were 
called. In 1.6^4 the colony was, for the first time, divided 
into shires, or counties, eight being then designated. Norfolk was 
not one of them, and her name does not appear in any of the old re- 
cords of our State, until 1639-40, when the Grand Assembly enacted 
an act, declaring "what shall be the bounds of Me of Wight, Upper 
and Lower Norfolk Counties," and after this, the three counties 
were regularly represented in the Grand Assembly. In 1642, Upper 
Norfolk was divided into three parishes, "in order to the better en- 
abling the inhabitants of the colony to the religious worship and 
service of Almighty God." 

In 1645, an act was passed changing the name of Upper Norfolk 
County to Nansemond ; and in 1691, Lower Norfolk, being too large, 
was divided into two coiinties, the part in which the Elizabeth river 
^ and its branches were contained, it was enacted, "should, from hence- 
forth be called by the name of Norfolk ;" the other part was formed 
into a new county and called Princess Anne. In 1705 Norfolk town 






was established, and in 1736 it was incorporated into a borongli, and 
Sir Randolph Knight made Recorder ; it continued to be the county 
seat until 1789, when the court-house was removed to Powder Point, 
as this delightful village was then called. The first term of the court 
was held November lOtli, in the house of Mrs. Shafer, which con- 
tinued to be thus occupied, until the completion of the court-house 
and jail, which were xised until 1801, when, upon the petition of the 
citizens, the county seat was changed to Portsmouth, and Samuel 
Hatton and others were ap^Dointed commissioners to sell the old 
court-house, which still stands, a landmark of the past. 

In 175;i Porstmouth was established as a town. William Graiv- 
ford having dedicated a portion of his farm to that purpose. His 
original plan contemplated one hundred and twenty lots. The old 
homestead, or farm house, stood, the oldest bnilding in the city, until 
about the year 1857, when it was torn down to give place to the 
"Arcade," in which are now located Bidgood's harness establishment, 
and the office of the Portsmouth Enterprise. 

Notwithstanding the influence of the Established Church, reli- 
gious toleration soon found a- foothold in Norfolk county, and as early 
as 1690, or very soon thereafter, a Presbyterian Church was erected 
on the banks of the ElizabetJi river, probably the first of the denomi- 
nation in America. The congregation was organized by the Rev. 
Mr, Makemie, "the father of the American Presbyterian Church." 
who soon after moved to Accomac county, and obtained from the 
Court a certificate of his qualification as a preacher, under the "tol- 
eration act," the first of the kind known to be of record in Virginia. 

We have now reached a period in the history of Norfolk County, 
when she became the theatre of some of the most important and 
thrilling events of the Revolution. This was a time of peculiar 
hardship and privation to her people: for the rude hand of the in- 
vader was laid heavily upon her. Norfolk, her most thriving city, 
was given over to pillage and conflagration, and Portsmouth was, 
for a long time, the headquarters of the army of invasion. 

In 1775 Dunmore, the Royal Governor, being a fugitive from his 
capitol, at Williamsburg, erected his standard at Portsmouth, and 
issued a proclamation, commanding all subjects on their allegiance 
to repair thereto. By this means he collected, in addition to the 




h^ 




4^ i^^r 





14 



/IT' '' ^ 

regular forces under liis command, a band of tories and runaway 
negroes, with wliose assistance he was soon enabled to overrun and 
occupy the entire county. In October he landed, under cover of his 
gun-boats, a body of men in Norfolk and captured Holt's newspaper. 
TJiis brilliant exploit was performed by an officer and twelve sol- 
diers, aided by a man-of-war. The corporate authorities remon- 
strated against this outrage, but without avail. Holt published in 
the Williamsburg papers an eloquent philippic against Dunmore, 
and announced his intention of establishing another jiaper to advo- 
cate the same patriotic principles. 

On the 7th of November Dunmore issued a second proclamation, 
calling upon all persons capable of bearing arms to rally to his sup- 
port, or else be considered traitors and rebels. He also offered free- 
dom to all slaves who would join him. This threat and offer brought 
to his aid a multitude of motley partizans. Being encouraged, he 
proclaimed martial law, and determined to undertake an expedition 
to Suffolk for the purpose of destroying the stores of the Virginia 
troops deposited there. 

Woodford, the commander of the Virginians, anticipating this 
movement, and being warmly sustained by the State government, 
sent a detachment, under command of Colonel Scott and Major Mar- 
shall, to that town. Following with the main body of Virginians, he 
arrived on the 25th, and at once determined to march upon Norfolk. 
In the meantime Dunmore had intrenched himself in a strong posi- 
tion, on the north side of the Elizabeth river, near Great Bridqe. 
These works were well supplied with artillery, and garrisoned by two 
hundred regulars and a large number of varlets of all colors. The 
natural advantages of the position were very great, being a long 
causeway flanked on either side by the swamp. Woodford, believing 
this the only practicable way to Norfolk, determined to capture the 
position, but being deficient in artillery, halted his forces within 
cannon shot of the enemy and began to throw up intrenchments. 
•For several days no important demonstration was made by either 
army. When the preparations of the Virginians were completed, a 
battle was. precipitated by an artful stratagem. A servant of Major 
Marshall, the father of the great Chief Justice, was instucted to de- 
sert to the enemy and give such information as would induce them 





T 




to assume the offensive and assault the works thus hurriedly con- 
structed. This he did, and represented to the English that the rebel 
force consisted of only three hundred shirt men, as the Virginians, 
who mostly wore hunting shirts, were contemptuously called. Dun- 
more, elated by this information, dispatched two hundred regulars 
and about three hundred blacks and tories, with orders to capture 
the rebel works or die in the attempt. Tlie next morning, just as 
the reveille was beating in the Virginia camp, the firing of guns an- 
nounced the approach of the enemy. Woodford at once posted his 
men for action, and prepared to meet the onslaught of the heroic 
Fordyce, who was rapidly and gallantly advancing at the head of his 
brave grenadiers. As they entered the narrow causeway, and ap- 
proached to within fifteen paces of the works, the Virginians de- 
livered with terrific effect their fire, which they had reserved until 
that time. With devoted courage the brave Fordyce attempted to rally 
his shattered and wavering columns. Standing erect in his saddle, 
hat in hand, he exhorted them to press forward and "the day was 
their own." Waving his sword, he fell within a few feet of our 
works, pierced by many bullets — as noble a sacrifice as ever sanc- 
tified an unholy cause or gave lustre to a cruel invasion. His body 
was buried near the old church which formerly stood at the bridge. 
Nature, more appreciative of true bravery than his own country, 
which left him in an unmarked grave in a stranger land, erected his 
monument : a graceful cedar, from whose branches the birds of the 
forest sang peans to his bravery, and through whose foliage the 
winds of Heaven sighed his requiem 

The demoralization which followed his death gave an easy victory 
to Woodford's forces. The rout of the British was complete and 
their loss very heavy, including five officers. Of the grenadiers who 
followed Fordyce, not one escaped. Thus terminated, in a decisive 
victory, the battle of Great Bridge, which has been, not inaptly, 
styled a "Bunker Hill" in miniature ; and here, upon the soil of 
owY oivn count I/, was enacted tliejirst scene of Eevolutionary blood 
shed in Virginia 

Our forces, encouraged by this most providential victory, deter 
mined to follow it up by a rapid advance on Norfolk. Dunmore, 
demoralized by his defeat^ hastily abandoned the fortifications of that 

V 




*f^ 




*-£ 



town and retreated to his vessels. Woodford, reinforced by Colonel 
Howe's command of North Carolinians, entered and took possession 
of the city on the 14th day of December, together with the guns 
abandoned by the enemy, and at once opened his batteries on the 
British fleet. Dunmore, greatly exasperated, determined to visit a 
severe retribution upon the patriots of Norfolk, and notified them, by 
flag of truce, that unless they would furnish him the provisions ne- 
cessary for the troops and cease firing on his vessels, he would bom- 
bard the town. This demand met with a prompt and patriotic re- 
fusal ; and on the morning of January 1st, 1776, a body of men were 
landed at the county dock, under cover of a man-of-war, and the town 
fired. The flames spread with great rajaidity, and the utmost efforts 
of the Virginians to arrest their progress were unavailing. For three 
days the conflagration raged, and only ceased when four-fifths of the 
beautiful town was in ashes Soon after Colonel Howe, by order of 
the Committee of Safety, fired the remaining houses to prevent the 
British occupying it as a permanent post. The sufi'eriugs of the 
citizens were heartrending ; six thousand people were rendered 
homeless, and property estimated at £300,000 sterling was destroyed 
On the 6th of February, Colonel Howe, who had superceded Wood- 
ford in command, evacuated Norfolk and fell back to Suffolk, leaving 
a detachment of troops at Great Bridge. 

Time wore on ; the war dragged its slow length along, but nothing 
of interest occurred in our immediate vicinity until May, 1779, when 
Sir George Collier anchored in Hampton Eoads, and General 
Matthews took possession of Portsmouth and established his head- 
quarters in the town. On the 11th Fort Nelson, now the United 
States Naval Hospital, was abandoned by the garrison, who retreated 
to the Dismal Swamp, and was occupied by the enemy. Matthews 
extended his outpost to Gosport, where he captured more than one 
hundred vessels. 

On the 20th of October, 1780, l^rigadier General Leslie landed at 
Portsmouth with a force of 3,000 men, and at once commenced to 
fortify the town. His foraging i)arties committed many depreda- 
tions on the surrounding country and along the coast, capturing a 
large amo^^nt of property and many small ships. 

About this time an incident occurred almost rivalling in dramatic 






r 



4^ ^^;l^ 



/ 




V 




interest, if not in its tragic clenonemeiit, the capture of Major Andre. 
A stranger, of suspicions appearance, was observed endeavoring to 
cross the lines from Portsmouth to North Carolina, where Lord 
Cornwallis was encamped. When arrested by the Virginia troops it 
was proposed to search him. To this he readily assented, but was 
observed at the same instant to put something, ostensibly a quid of 
tobacco, in his mouth ; when made to disgorge, it was found to be a 
letter, written on fine silk paper, and rolled in gold foil. It read as 
follows : 

To Lord Cornwallis, My Lord, : — I have been here near a week establishing a 
post. I wrote to you to Charleston, and by another messenger by land. I can- 
not hear with certainty where you are. I wait your orders. The bearer is to be 
handsomely rewarded if he brings me any note or mark from your Lordship. 

Portsmouth, Va., ]}foveinber 'ith, 1780. A. L. 

During the next year the British government determined to in- 
vade Virginia in order to humble the pride of her citizens, who were 
a stiff-necked and rebellious people. For this f)urpose Sir Henry 
Clinton, in December, 1780, ordered Benedict Artiold, with a body 
of troops, to i^roceed to that State. The traitor, with a fleet of fifty 
sail, arrived in Chesapeake Bay, and from thence proceeded to Rich- 
mond, the infant capital, and after spending some time in pillaging 
and devastating the surrounding country, returned to Portsmovth 
and there fixed his headquarters. Soon after he inaugurated a sys- 
tem of i^redatory warfare upon the people of the county. One of 
his raiding or foraging parties were attacked on the road near Gi'eat 
Bridge by the Virginia troops, and after a short skirmish, in which 
the officer in command was killed, their wagons were captured. 

While Arnold was thus ensconced like a vulture at Portsmouth, 
Washington determined, if possible, to effect his capture, and sent a 
French "74," commanded by Monsieur D'Tilley, to the Chesapeake, 
with orders to attack that city. After a threatening demonstration 
she returned to Rhode Island. D'Tilley supposing her too large to 
operate successfully, her crew thus lost the opportunity of gaining 
not only a brilliant naval victory, but also of capturing the wretched 
traitor, for whose head Governor Jefferson had offered a reward of 
5,000 guineas. Arnold, becoming seriously alarmed for his personal 
safety, was reinforced by General Phillips, who, uniting their re 




»^ ]^^u^^ • ,^Y ^ 



F ^^~ % 

spective commands, determined upon an invasion of tlie surround- 
ing country. Ilis death, which occurred near Petersburg, of bilious 
fever, caused the expedition to be abandoned. Arnold succeeding 
to the command of the army, addressed a letter to La Fayette, which 
was forwarded by a flag of truce. Upon opening it, and seeing the 
name of the traitor signed thereto, he returned it unread, declining to 
hold any communication with so despicable a character. 

Cornwallis determined to concentrate a part of his army at Ports- 
mouth, and ordered Leslie with his forces to proceed to that place. 
At this time permission was given Arnold to visit New York, "where 
business of consequence demanded his attention." This was done, 
because the British officers found it irksome to serve under him, and 
Cornwallis frankly stated to La Fayette his contempt for his character. 

The forces at Portsmouth were further augmented, by the arrival 
of Lord Cornwallis, who crossed the James and reached the town 
July 9th, where he remained until taking post at Yorktown. Sir 
Henry Clinton, expecting a grand attack by the Continental forces 
upon New York, ordered Cornwallis to take position at Portsmouth 
or Williamsburg, so as to facilitate the transportation of the troops 
to that city should it become necessary. Cornwallis selected York- 
town as the most eligible position, and there, within four months, 
the closing drama of the Revolution was enacted. 

With the return of peace came prosperity, and our county and sec- 
tion rapidly recovered from the effects of the war. Norfolk was re- 
built and was soon in the enjoyment of a large commerce, which 
continued to increase until the war 1812, Avhen our harbor became 
the scene of a brilliant naval engagement. In June, 1813, a large 
and powerful British fleet arrived in Hampton Roads, and com- 
menced active preparations to attack Norfolk, Portsmouth and the 
Gosport Navy Yard. The plan was a simultaneous demonstration 
by sea and land, on Craney Island, which commanded the ajjproach 
to these places. A British force of about 5,000 men was landed on 
Pig Point, at the mouth of Nansemond river, with orders to ad- 
vance and attack tlie Island on the west side, Avhere the river Avas 
fordable, while the gun-boats from the fleet engaged the water bat- 
teries. 
' The forces upon the Island to resist the combined assault were iT 

P- - ^ 



T 




V 



16 

commanded by Colonel Bea,tty, and consisted of his regiment, the 
Winchester Battalion, Faulkner's Battalion of regulars, connected 
with which was ex-Governor Joe Johnson, the Portsmouth Artil- 
lery, and a detachment of marines and sailors, from the United 
States steamer "Constellation," under command of Lieutenant, after- 
wards Admiral, Shubrick. The armament was small, consisting 
only of the four six-pounders of the Portsmouth Artillery, and one 
or two pieces from the Constellation. 

The gun-boats, under command of Admiral Cockburn, came nobly 
up to the work and bravely withstood the fire of our little guns. 
Your gallant and well remembered citizen, Captain Arthur Emmer- 
son, commanded the Portsmouth Artillery, which acted during the 
engagement as an independent command, and to him belongs the 
honor of sighting and firing the gun Avhich struck the Admiral's gun- 
boat, the "Centipede," and carried away a leg of lier coxswain. Ad- 
miral Cockburn narrowly escaped the fate of his gun-boat, which was 
captured, and was only rescued from his perilous position by the ac- 
tivity with which the other boats came to his relief. The "Cen- 
tipede" was brought to Portsmouth as a prize of war. The enemy 
then retreated, but the firing did not cease until the gallant Win- 
chester Eiflemen, anxious to give them a parting shot, had pursued 
them neck deep in the river. The first instance of a charge by Vir- 
ginia infantry on gun-boats. 

The credit of firing this decisive shot was claimed by Lieutenant 
Shubrick, but the proof afforded by an examination of the injury 
inflicted on the "Centipede," demonstrated that it was fired from 
one of the guns of the Portsmouth Artillery, which Avcre so admira- 
bly handled by our county man, Captain Arthur Emmersoii, "the 
true hero of Craney Island.'" 

The next day, at sunrise, our little gunboats attacked the British 
frigate "Junon," and would in all probability have disabled her but 
for the timely arrival of a "74," which opened a broad side, and com- 
pelled the Virginia navy to retreat. 

The force landed at Pig's Pomt became so much demoralized 
from the number of desertions that they were sent back to the fleet, 
without making any demonstration : though some historians claim 
that an engagement did take place, in which the enemy were re- 

k^ — — £ 





i^ ^ ^ — ^"^ 

pulsed witli lieiivy loss. The same autlio^ity estimates the entire loss 
of the enemy in this engagement at two hundred men and tliree gun- 
boats. As at Great Bridge, our loss was inconsiderable. A quaker, 
Avhose conscientious convictions forbade his fighting, Avas assigned to 
duty at the magazine tent, and while carelessly smoking, a spark 
from his pipe ignited some powder and he was blown to pieces. 

After this no serious demonstration was made by the enemy ; the 
ample preparations for their reception no doubt deterred them from 
further etfort. General R. B. Taylor, who commanded the depart- 
ment, had an ample force to guard the approaches to Norfolk, and 
his Lieutenant, Colouel Freeman, with the garrison at Fort Nelson, 
kept vigil on the Portsmouth side. 

I must now pass rapidly on, omitting many incidents of interest 
and importance, only pausing to mention the admirable public school 
system, organized in 1845, and continued up to the beginning of the 
late war. As indicating the warm interest of the people of our 
county in the cause of popular education, I point with pleasure to 
the revival of these schools, and esteeem it a source of profound con- 
gratulation ; that amid the wreck and ruin following the termina- 
tion of that struggle, our citizens found the time and means to re- 
establish them, and under the management of our competent and 
energetic Superintendent, they are fast regaining their former eflfi- 
ciency. The commencement exercises of '' Churchland Academy,'^ 
an institution founded more than a quarter of a century airo. which 
occurred on the 29th ulto., were of a highly interesting character, 
and indicated the success of the institution and the ability which 
characterizes its management. Fostered and encouraged as it should 
be, by all our citizens, it will not only become a feeder for our loved 
University and the other Colleges of the State, but an honor and 
credit to our county. 

We have now reached the dark days of 18G1, when a continent 
was riven by the "wild blast of secession and the earthquake shock of 
civil war." Of the merits or demerits of that unfortunate struffo-le, 
it is not my purpose to speak; no good could result from such a 
discussion. Peace is the supreme need of our country, and the pa- 
1 1 triotic heart everywhere longs for reconciliation. It is best that the 1 1 

/r^ ^K_ 



#"■ ~^^ ^ 

if 

dead past should bury its dead, and that the mantle of charity and 

• forgetfulness should be thrown over all the incidents connected with 
that terrible contest, and that nothing should be remembered ex- 
cept the valor, the virtue, the fidelity to duty of those wlio 
offered themselves a holocaust to their country's need. Their 
memory should ever be cherished as a part of our priceless heri- 
tage, and their virtues should be commemorated in enduring marble 
and colossal bronze. • 

1 shall not attempt a detailed account of the part Norfolk 
County sustained in that conflict ; it is fresh in the minds and mem- 
ories of you all. From the first to the last she was true and un- 
swerving in her fidelity and loyalty to the Queen Mother, Virginia, 
who claimed her highest allegiance ; and on every battle field, from 
Seven Pines to Appomattox, her sons stood shoulder to shoulder, 
with their compatriots of the "Army of Northern Virginia," and fol- 
lowed with unshrinking fortitude and devotion tlie tattered banners 
of immortal Lee ; until, amid the gloom of that disastrous April 
day, they laid down their well used arms in final surrender, and 
"with the consciousness of duty faithfully performed," gave their 
royal pledge of submission to the result, and returned to their impover- 
ished homes. The fidelity with which they have maintained this 
pledge is worthy of all praise ; the assiduity and industry with which 
they have applied themselves to the honest labor of repairing their 
grievous losses, is worthy of the highest commendation, and to their 
conduct the present condition of our county is largely due — a con- 
dition which is as satisfactory as her past is glorious, and gives as- 
surance of a future radiant with hope and promise. 

Nature has done much for us, and it only requires energy and en- 
terprise to utilize these advantages and turn them to good account. 
With a climate of unsurpassed salubrity and healthfulness, a soil of 
unrivalled fertility and productiveness, a location unsurpassed by 
any on the Atlantic coast, why should we not attain a position of 
great commercial prosperity and importance? Our magnificent 
harbor and other advantages have attracted the attention and 
awakened the interest of statesmen of all ages, from the days of Sir 
Walter Raleigh, who was the first to appreciate them, down to the 
time of our loved and lamented scientist, the immortal Maury, and 

443^« ^(^i^sy 




#" ^ "^ 



ill 



they must sooner or later command recognition from intelligent em- 
igrants who will then pour in upon us the wealth of their honest in- 
dustry and untiring energy. 

But, to bring about these results, ioe nnist loorlc, remembering, 
there can be no success wWioiit labor. We must denumd honest 
government and low taxation, Avhich is its consequence. We must 
have impartial laws faithfully and fearlessly administered, and be 
ever ready Avith warm hearts and open hands to welcome, heartily 
welcome all who come to cast their destiny and make common cause 
with us. Emigration and capital are the great needs of our county, 
and every inducement should be offered to secure them. The world 
should know not only our natural advantages of soil, climate and 
location, but also the economy of living and the lowrate of taxation, 
which will suffice to meet all the legitmate requirements of our 
county government. With taxable iwoperty valued 'at about 
14,000,000, our county debt of all hinds ivill not aggreqate $10,000, 
or less than one-tenth the value of real estate and other property 
oioned by the county. Our population, which is rapidly increasing, 
now exceeds, including the cities of Norfolk and Portsmouth, that 
of any county in the State, Henrico and Richmond city alone cx- 
cej)ted. 

We must also learn the lessons of adversity and profit by 
the teachings of experience. The times are sadly out of joint, and 
bad men seem to have the mastery ; corruption, with hideous visage, 
stalks abroad, and with an infection as dangerous as it is wide- 
spread, permeates the high places of our country ; and if we would 
attain the position and prosperity to Avhich our advantages entitle 
us, Ave must remember as a fundamental maxim, thcd honesty is tlui 
prerequisite of all permanent success, whether it be State or indi- 
vidual, and set our faces sternly and resolutely Vi^dSw^i public repu- 
dicdion in cdl its forms, and private dishonesty in cdl its multitudi- 
nous disguises. We should stamp with the seal of disapprobation 
corruption in office and all betrayals of public trust. Social posi- 
tions and political influence should afford no protection to the pub- 
lic plunderer or thieving official. Again, if we would mend our for- 
tunes and repair our losses, Ave must shun the extravagances, the 
tinsel glare and glitter, that is now so fashionable, and settle down 

.*k . ■ jm 



r 



20 ^^^ 



f 




V 



^ 



to earnest work, determinod to H -e wifJiiii our inrompff ;url jivoid 
the maflstrom of debt and interest which has engulfed so many in rnin. 
We must return to the purity and simplicity of life v.n^nin the 
olden times made home happy and men contented. 

These results we can achieve. The people of our entire country 
are anxious for reform, and it only requires, to bring it about, a states- 
man of enlarged mind and comprehensive intellect ; one who will 
subordinate party to country, and labor only for the glory, the pros- 
perity and the stability of the American Union. A patriot whose 
highest ambition will be achieved and whose noblest aspirations will 
bo realized in the restoi'ation of peace to a distracted country, and 
prosperity and plenty to a panic-stricken land ; one who, solving the 
financial problems of the day, Avill restore confidence, re-establish 
credit, and cause the work-shops, the factories and the commercial 
marts of our entire country to teem with renewed life and vigor. 

" God give us men — a time like this demands. 
Strong minds, great hearts, true faith, and ready hands : 
Men whom the lust of office does not kill ; 
Men whom tlie spoils of office cannot niy ; 
Men who have opinions and a will ; 
Men who have honor, m n who will not lie ; 
Men who can stand before a demagogue, 
And damn his treacherous flatteries without winking ! 
Tall men, sun-crowned, who live above the fog, 
In public duty and in private thinking ; 
For while the/ rabble mtlieir thumb worn creeds, 
Their large professions and tlieir little deeds, 
Mingle in selfish strife, lo ! Freedom weeps. 
Wrong rules the land and waiting justice sleeps." 

Such men we have, and the popular demtind that they be brought 
to the front indicates that the heart of the masses of our country 
favor purity and reform in the administration of public affairs. I 
repeat, both in our State and county, we have men capable, effi- 
cient, and in every way worthy our highest honors. Men whom 
modern degeneracy has not reached. Virginia and Virginians have 
not deteriorated, the halo of immortality, with which the fame and 
character of Washixgton encircled her queenly brow, was not ob- 
scured nor was its glory dimmed when Robert E. Lee, the peerless 
|.^^^ Christian soldier, consecrated his stainless sword and dedicated his 



m^ ^ 




A 



r 



^ ^~ ^ 

incomparable genius to her defence. Nor were the shirt men, who 
followed Woodford, more patriotic, more self-sacrificing, more de- 
voted to duty, than those of you and your sons, who, under the leader- 
ship of your gifted and lamented Niemeyer, your chivalrous and 
hn'mlitlij Stewart, and ^-oixv Baijanl-like Etheridge, withstood, with 
a heroism sublime in its invincibility, the magnificent charges of 
that grand corps of the "Army of the Potomac" when hurled, in 
deadly fury against them, by the splendid genius of the patriot 
soldier, Winfield Scott Hancock. 

No, my countrymen have not degenerated : they only need to be 
aroused to the supreme necessities of the hour, and to learn what can 
be accomplished by tireless industry and well directed enterprise; and 
for an illustration of what can thus be achieved, I need only point 
you to this beautiful village which has given us, this day, a centen- 
nial welcome, and an evidence of its open-handed, generous hospi- 
tality ; for, so long as she continues to grow and prosper — and God 
grant she may do so till the end of time — she will stand a monument 
to the energy, the enterprise, and the liberality of the honored citi- 
zen whose nafne she bears. 

But, while urging this persistent application to duty and to busi- 
ness, I would warn you to beware of the materialistic tendency of 
the age, and to guard against "the barbarisms that lurk in the lap 
of our boasted civilization. " Do not become so engrossed in the accu- 
mulation of wealth as to lose sight of the true end and aim of life. 
Wealth is only desirable for the benefits it enables its possessor to 
confer, and the wealthy man is an acquisition to society only in 
proportion to the good he does to his fellow men and the community. 
Do not become so absorbed in business as to forget home and its 
refining influences, for from thence must come your purest pleasures 
and sweetest consolations. And, oh ! ladies, in this work give to 
your husbands, fathers and brothers your loving sympathy and 
co-operation. Guard them in the day of temptation, and ever 
exert the power of your influence for good ; add to this influence 
the force of example, and choose for your great exemplars those 
Virginia matrons, in whose character all the attributes of true 
womanhood were so conspicuously and beautifully blended. Ladies, 
I point you with reverential pride to Martha, the mother^ Wash- 
\ 5:N INGTON, and Mary, the wife of Lee. ^"-I-X ^ J 




^ 




Hi 







^i "^ 

And now, my countrymen, we stand upon the tlireshold of another 
century. Let us forget that we have been enemies, and remember 
only the ancient friendship and tha former love. The Union is re- 
stored. Let us ask only that ti1a2i.be a Constitutional Union of 
free, equal and independent States; that no star on the blue of 
yonder flag, shall differ from another star thereon in glory, but that 
all may shine with an equal splendor. For such a Union we most 
devoutly pray, and reiterate the pledge of one hundred years ago — 
to defend it "with our lives, our fortunes, and our pacred honor." 

" Thou, too, sail on, O, Ship of State ! 
Sail on, O Union, strong and great ! 
Humanity with all its fears, 
With all the hopes of future years, 
Is hanging breathless on thy fate ! 
We know what master laid thy keel, 
W^hat workman wrought thy ribs of steel. 
Who made each mast, and sail and rope. 
What anvils rang, what hammers beat, 
In what a forge and what a heat. 
Were shaped the anchors of thy hope ! 
Fear not each sudden sound and shock, 
'Tis of the wave, and not the rock ; 
'Tis but the flapping of the sail. 
And not a rent made by the gale ! 
In spite of rock and tempest roar, 
In spite of false lights on the shore. 
Sail on, nor fear to breast the sea. 
Our hearts, our hopes, are all with thee. 
Our hearts, our hopes, our prayers, our tears. 
Our faith triumphant o'er our fears. 
Are all with thee, are all with thee." 




* f^___^ ===: ^ r:rr= : , ^'S^f 




i] 









"^^^<x. 



r<r 












^.,<*':^'^ 
























::<2CC3CCCiCl 









•rCi. ^ ^ 



«c «^ 

■ C Cr 

err 

^^ 

err ' 

Cc . 
cr 

\- cc c:: 



. Gc c 



KG 

<2r' < ' 



;- <'.c£ra 
C ccCtr 






c?C 



o 




I:'' 


' c (•■ .-. 


■"^ 




■id 





r 



fee 



TTCCCC C 



" c'-;ce-. 
c cc 
cor 

cCcc' 

■C Cjc ^ 

< a . ■ 

•■;« ■ - 



C«C c 
CCC c 

crc 
ccc 

CO 



CS-d C ' 

SC'Cji 

f:<Cc:i, 
: ■ '^<^<<. 

, -vex 









cc<r 



ccio 



^ 



c: «L 

\c <: 

c c: 

c c 



or 
c< 

■ c < < 

CC 

CO' 
c < - 

' c-< ■< 

" C" - 






^^ 






. <? «« 









S^ 



tcC^ 






cc 

cc 

c< 

cc 

cc 

cc ' 

cr 

' -.x< 

a: 



CiC ^r'c < ■ 

Ofe:C '_-C:C 
'CRC'C^CC 

C^€ .':_^CX • 

C'5f « ^-,;-C:'C 
C^ <£ '■^<S''C" ^ 
C<-<S t^L'CQT 
<iC<£ C_<2^C 
C<C<1 c^iS^C 

CT'C C .^Tf^r- 



; cc::<r ^ "' ' • 



: <r c -..c 
CC c • 

cc: ?x c^ ^ 

cc ^ < ^ 

^ c-c <.<X' c <fr 
^ c^c:i.-<§ < <c; 



xo c 
cc:^ < 

^ C icvc. 
C c « 

. -' C <"'■.'< %^ 
-•' < 'C <:-C?.fd 



: <-^T 'C:"<^:fc.r, 



cc 
-cc 

:<CC ^s. 

'XCiC •^•^ 









.C<^ 



CC 



• cc 






a <3 

<c 

'<C'fC 



f^^--"^:cc:C"^: 



WfM 

C^C .jC?f ^.< 
c c j«r^< 



jt.c:c}<;:ii-^ ■ _ 






''csr^rc- 



CO 

rcc. 
rcc 
!tcc: 



;sc.^c 



"■' -:(VC d 



^^^- : 






•<c^^ 



cL c<rcC^' 



•cccc 



. CD-I 

. c:occ 



- ^ ^-''.CCCCc '. 
.:C-<,_<2-./C . C^r'CUcC'' 
> ^' C.Mr-C.('-< -^ 
, >^ C<<C CvC^ 

. . , Ji.> C ^cC coc 

<c c^jt. cxc-ccx: • 
-<,c— cc c^^rc^c; 
-;c ■■■.C'-e.c?^, o< 
^C JC cc^oc 

- cC ^i-C^' C-CC- C <?.<:= 

=~ < c: <■' "C ' . c- xk:. c. ■-'•^ — 

" <:<: 'tf "C c v-C^. c<-( _ 




g^ 



:«.(c^<i: 



m 

cc cs- 

cc C^ 

cc C<' . 



ic;cc': 
7cc^--' 

'"CC. c 

" c c • «. 



c: c 

cc 



^ 



••MSCc 






tC.C^ 

v(C-<^ 

^ccr 



• .^^C 
' ••'• XT' 

o 0--C 

C -C^.'- 
■' C- C.' .^ • 



X c -^r ■' 






'^*^-- M^. 



